Īraújo F, Sarmento B (2013) Towards the characterization of an in vitro triple co-culture intestine cell model for permeability studies. Īntunes F, Andrade F, Araújo F et al (2013) Establishment of a triple co-culture in vitro cell models to study intestinal absorption of peptide drugs. Nat Geosci 12:339–344Īmorim MJB, Lin S, Schlich K et al (2018) Environmental impacts by fragments released from nanoenabled products: a multiassay, multimaterial exploration by the SUN approach. We demonstrated that all of the microplastics and the healing earth particles did not cause any significant cytotoxicity or release of (pro-)inflammatory cytokines and did not change the barrier integrity of the co-culture at any of the time points investigated.Īllen S, Allen D, Phoenix VR, Le Roux G (2019) Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment. Inflammatory end points including the cytokines IL-8, TNFα and IL-1β as well as changes of the barrier integrity after exposure were additionally monitored. Cytotoxicity was investigated after 6, 24 and 48 h of exposure via measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase. Microplastic particles were exposed at concentrations of 823.5–1380.0 µg/cm 2 to the model using a dry powder insufflator system to aerosolize the particles directly on the intestinal model’s surface. Relevant microplastic particles (in the order of 50–500 µm), including polymers representing tire wear and polyolefins, which represent major sources of microplastic in the EU, were compared to other polymer classes and an inorganic microparticle, healing earth, which is intended for human consumption. Herein, we designed a novel, three-dimensional in vitro intestinal model consisting of the human intestinal epithelial cell lines Caco-2 and HT29-MTX-E12 as well as human blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells that is suitable to assess the possible effects of ingested microplastics. So far, human health effects of microplastics after ingestion are unknown.
Microplastics have been found in different food types including seafood, salt, sugar and beverages. The plausibility of human exposure to microplastics has increased within the last years.